Expression of concern: Microchip-based structure determination of low-molecular weight proteins using cryo-electron microscopy.

Expression of concern for 'Microchip-based structure determination of low-molecular weight proteins using cryo-electron microscopy' by Michael A. Casasanta et al., Nanoscale, 2021, 13, 7285-7293, https://doi.org/10.1039/D1NR00388G.

Delineating Conformational Variability in Small Protein Structures Using Combinatorial Refinement Strategies.

As small protein assemblies and even small proteins are becoming more amenable to cryo-Electron Microscopy (EM) structural studies, it is important to consider the complementary dynamic information present in the data. Current computational strategies are limited in their ability to resolve minute differences among low molecular weight entities. Here, we demonstrate a new combinatorial approach to delineate flexible conformations among small proteins using real-space refinement applications. We performed a meta-analysis of structural data for the SARS CoV-2 Nucleocapsid (N) protein using a combination of rigid-body refinement and simulated annealing methods. For the N protein monomer, we determined three new flexible conformers with good stereochemistry and quantitative comparisons provided new evidence of their dynamic properties. A similar analysis performed for the N protein dimer showed only minor structural differences among the flexible models. These results suggested a more stable view of the N protein dimer than the monomer structure. Taken together, the new computational strategies can delineate conformational changes in low molecular weight proteins that may go unnoticed by conventional assessments. The results also suggest that small proteins may be further stabilized for structural studies through the use of solution components that limit the movement of external flexible regions.

Rotavirus core shell protein sites that regulate intra-particle polymerase activity.

IMPORTANCE: Rotaviruses are important causes of severe gastroenteritis in young children. A characteristic feature of rotaviruses is that they copy ribonucleic acid (RNA) inside of the viral particle. In fact, the viral polymerase (VP1) only functions when it is connected to the viral inner core shell protein (VP2). Here, we employed a biochemical assay to identify which sites of VP2 are critical for regulating VP1 activity. Specifically, we engineered VP2 proteins to contain amino acid changes at structurally defined sites and assayed them for their capacity to support VP1 function in a test tube. Through this work, we were able to identify several VP2 residues that appeared to regulate the activity of the polymerase, positively and negatively. These results are important because they help explain how rotavirus synthesizes its RNA while inside of particles and they identify targets for the future rational design of drugs to prevent rotavirus disease.

Structural Insights of the SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein: Implications for the Inner-workings of Rapid Antigen Tests.

The nucleocapsid (N) protein is an abundant component of SARS-CoV-2 and a key analyte for lateral-flow rapid antigen tests. Here, we present new structural insights for the SARS-CoV-2 N protein using cryo-electron microscopy (EM) and molecular modeling tools. Epitope mapping based on structural data supported host-immune interactions in the C-terminal portion of the protein, while other regions revealed protein-protein interaction sites. Complementary modeling results suggested that N protein structures from known variants of concern (VOC) are nearly 100% conserved at specific antibody-binding sites. Collectively, these results suggest that rapid tests that target the nucleocapsid C-terminal domain should have similar accuracy across all VOCs. In addition, our combined structural modeling workflow may guide the design of immune therapies to counter viral processes as we plan for future variants and pandemics.

Advancing High-Resolution Imaging of Virus Assemblies in Liquid and Ice.

Interest in liquid-electron microscopy (liquid-EM) has skyrocketed in recent years as scientists can now observe real-time processes at the nanoscale. It is extremely desirable to pair high-resolution cryo-EM information with dynamic observations as many events occur at rapid timescales - in the millisecond range or faster. Improved knowledge of flexible structures can also assist in the design of novel reagents to combat emerging pathogens, such as SARS-CoV-2. More importantly, viewing biological materials in a fluid environment provides a unique glimpse of their performance in the human body. Presented here are newly developed methods to investigate the nanoscale properties of virus assemblies in liquid and vitreous ice. To accomplish this goal, well-defined samples were used as model systems. Side-by-side comparisons of sample preparation methods and representative structural information are presented. Sub-nanometer features are shown for structures resolved in the range of ~3.5-Å-10 Å. Other recent results that support this complementary framework include dynamic insights of vaccine candidates and antibody-based therapies imaged in liquid. Overall, these correlative applications advance our ability to visualize molecular dynamics, providing a unique context for their use in human health and disease.

Automated Tools to Advance High-Resolution Imaging in Liquid.

Liquid-electron microscopy (EM), the room-temperature correlate to cryo-EM, is a rapidly growing field providing high-resolution insights of macromolecules in solution. Here, we describe how liquid-EM experiments can incorporate automated tools to propel the field to new heights. We demonstrate fresh workflows for specimen preparation, data collection, and computing processes to assess biological structures in liquid. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) and the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) were used as model systems to highlight the technical advances. These complexes were selected based on their major differences in size and natural symmetry. AAV is a highly symmetric, icosahedral assembly with a particle diameter of ~25 nm. At the other end of the spectrum, N protein is an asymmetric monomer or dimer with dimensions of approximately 5­7 nm, depending upon its oligomerization state. Equally important, both AAV and N protein are popular subjects in biomedical research due to their high value in vaccine development and therapeutic efforts against COVID-19. Overall, we demonstrate how automated practices in liquid-EM can be used to decode molecules of interest for human health and disease.

High-Resolution Imaging of Human Viruses in Liquid Droplets.

Liquid-phase electron microscopy (LP-EM) is an exciting new area in the materials imaging field, providing unprecedented views of molecular processes. Time-resolved insights from LP-EM studies are a strong complement to the remarkable results achievable with other high-resolution techniques. Here, the opportunities to expand LP-EM technology beyond 2D temporal assessments and into the 3D regime are described. The results show new structures and dynamic insights of human viruses contained in minute volumes of liquid while acquired in a rapid timeframe. To develop this strategy, adeno-associated virus (AAV) is used as a model system. AAV is a well-known gene therapy vehicle with current applications involving drug delivery and vaccine development for COVID-19. Improving the understanding of the physical properties of biological entities in a liquid state, as maintained in the human body, has broad societal implications for human health and disease.

Microchip-based structure determination of low-molecular weight proteins using cryo-electron microscopy.

Interest in cryo-Electron Microscopy (EM) imaging has skyrocketed in recent years due to its pristine views of macromolecules and materials. As advances in instrumentation and computing algorithms spurred this progress, there is renewed focus to address specimen-related challenges. Here we contribute a microchip-based toolkit to perform complementary structural and biochemical analysis on low-molecular weight proteins. As a model system, we used the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein (48 kDa) due to its stability and important role in therapeutic development. Cryo-EM structures of the N protein monomer revealed a flexible N-terminal "top hat" motif and a helical-rich C-terminal domain. To complement our structural findings, we engineered microchip-based immunoprecipitation assays that led to the discovery of the first antibody binding site on the N protein. The data also facilitated molecular modeling of a variety of pandemic and common cold-related coronavirus proteins. Such insights may guide future pandemic-preparedness protocols through immuno-engineering strategies to mitigate viral outbreaks.